Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Xerophile or xero-mesophile forests of [Quercus frainetto], [Quercus cerris], of [Quercus petraea] and related deciduous oaks, locally of [Quercus pedunculiflora] or [Quercus virgiliana], of the sub-continental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, of the supra-Mediterranean level of continental Greece, except the extreme south, and of supra-Mediterranean Anatolia. In most of their range they constitute the lowest altitudinal tier of forest vegetation; in Greece and adjacent areas, however, they occur above the forests of the Ostryo-Carpinion. In western Carpathians they have the northern boundary of occurrence and here are represented by the alliance Quercion confertae cerris with species [Lathyrus niger], [Melica picta], [Serratula tinctoria], [Veronica officinalis].