Tundra

Vegetated land with graminoids, shrubs, mosses or macrolichens overlying permafrost. European tundras are limited to Spitzbergen and northern Russia. Vegetation with the same species also occurs on boreal mountains and in the low arctic remote from the main permafrost region, notably in Fennoscandia and Iceland; these oroboreal and low arctic habitats are listed under alpine and subalpine grassland E4 or arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub F2.