[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga

Forests of [Pinus sylvestris sylvestris] and [Pinus sylvestris hamata] of the Nemoral and Mediterranean zones and of their transitions to the Steppe zone. Included are, in particular, the forests of Scotland, of the Alpine system, of the Mediterranean peninsulas, of the lowlands of Central Europe, of the East European Nemoral zone and its adjacent wooded steppes, formed by [Pinus sylvestris sylvestris], as well as those of Anatolia, of the Caucacus and of Crimea, formed by [Pinus sylvestris hamata]. Excluded are the formations situated within the range of natural lowland occurrence of [Picea abies].