Southern Italian holm-oak forests

Mostly upper meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex]-dominated formations of Calabria and Sicily with [Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii], [Teucrium siculum], [Carex distachya], [Cyclamen repandum], [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Cytisus villosus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Rubia peregrina], [Asplenium onopteris], [Luzula forsteri], [Lonicera etrusca], [Smilax aspera], [Rosa sempervirens] and, in some facies, [Chamaerops humilis], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Phillyrea media], [Arbutus unedo]; like the preceding formations, they are usually degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice, but fine stands survive locally, particularly in Sicily, Puglia (e.g. Bosco delle Pianelle) and Calabria (e.g. Boschi di Badolato).