Northern and central Italian holm-oak forests

[Quercus ilex]-dominated formations of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coastal areas of the northern half of the Italian peninsula with [Phillyrea media], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Viburnum tinus], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Daphne gnidium], [Fraxinus ornus], [Rosa sempervirens], [Lonicera implexa], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Myrtus communis], [Clematis flammula], [Tamus communis], [Carex olbiensis], [Luzula forsteri], [Cyclamen repandum] and often an admixture of [Quercus suber] or of the deciduous [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus cerris]; at higher altitude they take on a more montane character with a greater prevalence of sub-Mediterranean elements. Although these formations are, like most other continental holm-oak communities, mostly degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice, fully developed forests subsist very locally, in particular in Toscany and Latium and, to a lesser extent, in Veneto and Emilia-Romagna.