Catalo-Provençal lowland holm-oak woodland

Lower meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] formations of Catalonia, Languedoc, Provence and the lowlands of Tyrrhenian Italy rich in lauriphyllous and sclerophyllous shrubs and lianas, in particular [Viburnum tinus], [Arbutus unedo], [Smilax aspera], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Rubia peregrina]; they are mostly degraded to arborescent matorral, the few remaining groves of holm oaks with a forest-like canopy being generally heavily modified by intensive human use.