Helleno-Balkanic riparian plane forests

[Platanus orientalis] gallery forests of Greek and southern Balkanic watercourses, temporary rivers and gorges; they are distributed throughout the mainland of Greece and its archipelagoes, extending north to Albania, the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia and the valleys of southern Bulgaria, colonizing poorly stabilised alluvions of large rivers, gravel or boulder deposits of permanent or temporary torrents, spring basins, and particularly, the bottom of steep, shady gorges, where they constitute species-rich communities. The accompanying flora may include [Salix alba], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea], [Alnus glutinosa], [Cercis siliquastrum], [Celtis australis], [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Juglans regia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Alnus glutinosa], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Nerium oleander], [Rubus] spp., [Rosa sempervirens], [Hedera helix], [Clematis vitalba], [Vitis vinifera sylvestris], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Anemone blanda], [Aristolochia rotunda], [Saponaria officinalis], [Symphytum bulbosum], [Hypericum hircinum], [Calamintha grandiflora], [Melissa officinalis], [Helleborus cyclophyllus], [Cyclamen hederifolium], [Cyclamen repandum], [Cyclamen creticum], [Galanthus nivalis reginae-olgae], [Dracunculus vulgaris], [Arum italicum], [Biarum tenuifolium], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Dactylis glomerata] and may be rich in mosses, lichens and ferns, among which [Pteridium aquilinum] is often abundant. Various associations have been described, reflecting regional and ecological variation in the composition of the undergrowth. The plane tree galleries are particularly well represented along the Ionian coast and in the Pindus; other important local complexes exist in Macedonia, in Thrace, around the Olympus massif, in the Pelion, in the Peloponnese, particularly in the Taygetos, where luxuriant gorge forests reach 1300 metres, in Euboea and in Crete; local, distinctive, representatives occur in other Aegean islands, such as Rhodes, Samos, Samothrace, Thasos. Restriction to gorges is increasingly pronounced towards the south.